A Word on Valve Authority
By Christina Cohr, CCO, M.Eng (Export), FlowCon International ApS, Denmark with courtesy of FloControl Ltd, United Kingdom - 02.2021
What is Valve Authority?
Valve authority is the definition of how well a modulating control valve will control flow under the influence of other elements in the HVAC system.
Technically and mathematically valve authority is defined as described next: When the control valve is fully open, the pressure drop (ΔpV) across the control valve is at its minimum. The opposite situation, when the control valve is fully closed, will result in maximum pressure drop across the control valve, which equals ΔpV plus the pressure drop across the remaining circuit (ΔpC), including pipes, fittings, strainer, isolation valve, DPCV and DRV, represented as ΔpV + ΔpC. These pressure drops will define valve authority as the ratio of the pressure drop across the fully open Control Valve (ΔpV) and pressure drop across the rest of the circuit (ΔpC) plus the fully open control valve (ΔpV):
Why is Valve Authority Important?
Authority is used when deciding on control valve size and will help to understand how well the selected control valve is going to perform in the HVAC system. Proper valve sizing will provide high authority and consequently better flow control at any load.
If the control valve is oversized, the pressure drop across the control valve is reduced. For an un-changed maximum differential pressure drop, the authority and the pressure drop across the valve will be low. The valve will need to operate near its closed position to provide any form of acceptable control. In fact, this will result in on/off similar control and room temperature fluctuations and increased wear on the actuator.
On the other hand, if the control valve is under-sized, the pressure drop across the control valve is increased. If maximum differential pressure drop remains unchanged, the authority and the pressure drop across the valve will be high, control will be good, but the energy consumption to transfer the required flow rate through the undersized valve will be high and consequently more costly.
Clearly, a trade off exists between the consideration of control and energy consumption and control valve sizing requires a balance between the two dynamics.
Generally, valve authority is considered divided into 3 groups:
- 0-25% valve authority:
unstable to fair control with low ΔP - 25-50% valve authority:
fair to good control with reasonable ΔP - 50-100% valve authority:
good to excellent control but with high ΔP
For practical purposes control valves are commonly selected to have an authority of 35-75% providing a fair compromise between control and energy consumption.
The Future-Proof Solution
With the emergence of variable speed pumps and Pressure Independent Control Valves, PICVs, authority calculations are almost a thing of the past because a PICV has a valve authority of 100% with a constant minimum differential pressure requirement to make them function. Despite full authority, a PICVs are highly energy efficient. A PICV combines flow control, flow balancing and differential pressure control in one valve solution, eliminating the need for DPCVs and DRVs in the HVAC system.
Selecting the proper FlowCon PICV is simple. Based on the required design flow rate and available pressure, select the insert, and...
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